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    11Jun, 2023
    Taxation of Virtual Digital Assets or Cryptocurrencies in India

    I. Introduction to Virtual Digital Assets and Cryptocurrencies.

    To establish a solid foundation, let’s begin by defining virtual digital assets and cryptocurrencies. Virtual digital assets are digital representations of value that can be digitally traded or transferred, typically using blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, are a specific type of virtual digital asset that employs cryptographic techniques for secure transactions and control the creation of additional units. Prominent examples include Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), and Ripple (XRP) Including Non-Fungible tokens or any other digital assets as may be notified by the government.

    II. Legal Framework for Taxation of Cryptocurrencies in India.

    In recent legislative developments, the Indian government has introduced a significant amendment to the Income Tax Act, of 1961. This amendment takes the form of Clause (47A), which has been inserted into Section 2 of the Act. Clause (47A) has been incorporated to address the taxation of specific transactions related to virtual digital assets or cryptocurrencies.

    With the introduction of Clause (47A), the Income Tax Act now encompasses provisions that define the tax treatment of virtual digital assets, bringing them under the purview of the existing tax regime. The inclusion of this clause ensures that income arising from transactions involving cryptocurrencies will be subject to taxation, thereby enabling the government to capture potential tax revenue from this emerging sector.

    III. Taxation of Virtual Digital Assets/Cryptocurrencies in India.

    1. Classifying Cryptocurrencies as Capital Assets.

    Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, can be considered capital assets if they are acquired for investment purposes. According to section 2(14) of the tax code, a capital asset refers to any property owned by an individual, irrespective of its connection to their business or not. Therefore, if an individual purchases cryptocurrency as an investment, any profit made from their sale would be taxed under the “Capital gains” head.

    a. Taxation of Capital Gains on VDA.

    When a person sells their cryptocurrencies and realizes a profit, it is important to understand the tax implications. Capital gains tax is applicable on the profit earned from the sale of capital assets. The gain is calculated by deducting the cost of acquisition from the selling price.

    2. Treating Cryptocurrencies income as Business Income.

    In certain scenarios, cryptocurrency transactions may be deemed substantial, or the assets may be held for trading purposes. In such cases, the income generated from the sale or purchase of virtual digital assets can be classified as business income. It is crucial to note that the intention and frequency of the transactions play a significant role in determining the nature of income.

    a. Taxation of Business Income.

    If the income from cryptocurrency transactions is considered business income, it is subject to taxation as per the applicable income tax rates. The profits earned are added to the individual’s overall income and taxed accordingly. Additionally, individuals engaged in cryptocurrency trading as a business may also be required to comply with other tax obligations, such as maintaining proper books of accounts and filing regular returns.

    Section 115BBH of the Income-tax Act 1961, which deals with the taxation of income from cryptocurrencies or virtual digital assets, does not explicitly state whether it should be treated as business income, capital gains, or income from other sources. This lack of clarity often creates confusion among taxpayers and tax authorities alike.

    3. Tax rate. 

    Under section 115BBH of the act, income from the transfer of virtual digital assets will be taxable at the rate of 30 percent (+ SC + HEC). The tax rate is the same whether it is business income, short-term or long-term capital gains.

    IV. Manner of Computation of Income from Virtual Digital Assets.

    When it comes to computing income from the transfer of virtual digital assets, Section 115BBH(2)(a) lays out specific provisions that need to be understood. In this article, we will explore the key rules and deductions about income computation for virtual digital assets, shedding light on the nuances involved.

    a. Deduction of Cost of Acquisition.

    As per Section 115BBH(2)(a), the cost of acquisition, if any, must be deducted from the full value of the consideration received. However, it’s important to note that if the income falls under the category of “Capital gains,” indexation benefits will not be available. This deduction allows for a more accurate determination of the net income from the transfer of virtual digital assets.

    b. No Deduction for the Cost of Improvement and Transfer Expenditure.

    It is essential to understand that no deductions will be permitted for the cost of improvement or any expenditure related to the transfer of virtual digital assets. Unlike other forms of income computation, where expenses can be offset against the total income, the provisions under Section 115BBH restrict such allowances. Therefore, any costs incurred in improving or facilitating the transfer of virtual digital assets cannot be claimed as deductions.

    c. Application of “Transfer” Definition.

    For computing tax under Section 115BBH, the definition of “transfer” as stated in Section 2(47) will be applicable. This definition determines what transactions constitute a transfer, and whether the virtual digital asset is considered a capital asset or not. It is crucial to have a clear understanding of this definition to ensure accurate tax calculation on income derived from the transfer of virtual digital assets.

    d. Inability to Adjust Losses.

    When it comes to losses arising from the transfer of virtual digital assets, they cannot be adjusted against any other form of income. This provision prevents the offsetting of losses from such transactions against gains in other areas. Losses incurred specifically from the transfer of virtual digital assets must be treated independently and cannot be utilized to offset taxable income from other sources.

    e. Inability to Offset Losses from Other Transactions

    Additionally, any losses incurred by an assessee from transactions other than the transfer of virtual digital assets cannot be adjusted against income derived from the transfer. This means that losses from other heads of income cannot be used to reduce the tax liability associated explicitly with income from the transfer of virtual digital assets. It is important to consider the individual nature of losses and ensure they are appropriately accounted for in tax calculations.

    For Instance

    A purchased 60,000 BTC (cryptocurrency) at Rs. 67 each on the 10th of Jan. of 2018. He transferred 20,000 BTC in the previous year 2021-22, and the remaining 40,000 in 2022-23. The capital gains from the transfer of BTC shall be computed as under Brokerage on 01-03-2022 Rs.3,245, 01-04-2022 Rs. 2,660 and on 31-03-2023 Rs. 4,150

    Solution: Accounting Net profit of sales of 20,000 BTC took place on 01-03-2022 of Rs. 4,63,245 and taxable profit of Rs. 2,35,064* is taxable at the rate of 20% plus 4% HEC.

    *The benefit of indexation shall be allowed because Section 115BBH shall be applicable from the assessment year 2023-24.

    Mr. A suffer a loss on sales of 20,000 BTC on 01-04-2022 after the effect of the Brokerage of Rs. 2,660 is 5,42,660 but Taxable losses are only of Rs. 5,40,000.

    Mr. A earned a profit on sales of the rest of 20,000 BTC on 31-03-2023 Rs. 16,60,000 without the effect of a brokerage shall be taxable at the rate of 30% plus HEC 4% because the loss on sales of BTC shall not be eligible to set-off and carry forward as per the provision of a section of 115BBH of Income-tax Act 1961.

    Disclaimer: The content/information published on the website is only for the general information of the user and shall not be construed as legal advice. While the writer has exercised reasonable efforts to ensure the veracity of information/content published, the writer shall be under no liability in any manner whatsoever for incorrect information, if any.

    24May, 2023
    CBDT Guidelines regarding online gaming

    Understanding the Amended Income Tax Rules

    The amended income tax rules aim to establish a streamlined and accurate system for calculating tax liabilities on winnings derived from online gaming activities. The rise in popularity of online gaming platforms has prompted tax authorities to revise and adapt their regulations to address this evolving landscape. Let’s explore the key aspects of the amended rules. 

    Inclusion of Online Gaming Winnings

    Under the amended income tax rules, winnings from online gaming have been explicitly included in the purview of taxable income. This means that individuals who receive income from online gaming activities are required to declare and pay taxes on their winnings.

    Meaning of Online Gaming

    the term “online gaming” refers to activities where individuals participate in games or contests conducted over the internet or electronic platforms. These games typically involve players competing against each other or a computer-generated opponent.

    Online gaming can encompass a wide range of activities, including but not limited to:

    1. Skill-based Games: These are games where the outcome is primarily determined by the player’s skill, knowledge, strategy, or decision-making abilities. Examples include online poker, rummy, chess, fantasy sports, etc.
    2. Casino-style Games: These are games that simulate traditional casino games such as roulette, blackjack, slot machines, and other games of chance that are played online.
    3. Virtual Currency and In-Game Purchases: Many online games allow players to purchase virtual currency, items, or upgrades within the game. These transactions may also fall under the purview of TDS regulations.

    Guideline for removal of difficulties under section (3) of section 194BA of income-tax Act, 1961.

    Finance Act 2023 inserted a new section 194BA in the Income-tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) with effect from 1st April 2023. As per CBDT circular No. 5 of 2023 dated 22nd of May, 2023.

    the latest section necessitates the designation of an individual who assumes the responsibility of disbursing payments to any recipient. These payments are constituted by the proceeds derived from various online games within a given fiscal year. To ensure compliance, the designated person is obliged to deduct income tax from the net winnings accumulated in the recipient’s user account. This tax deduction is not only applicable upon withdrawal but also at the end of the financial year. The determination of net winnings, under the prescribed methodology, has now been explicitly outlined in Rule 133 of the Income-tax Rules 1962. This comprehensive set of guidelines aims to streamline the process and foster transparency in the realm of online gaming taxation.

    Guidelines issued by CBDT are as follows:

    The first issue addressed by the guidelines, Understanding the Computation of “Net Winnings” for Multiple Wallets under One User.

    In the world of online gaming, it is common for users to have multiple wallets across various platforms. However, calculating the “net winnings” for tax purposes can be a complex task. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of computing net winnings concerning multiple wallets under one user and provide you with a clear understanding of the process.

    Understanding User Accounts and Net Winnings

    According to Rule 133, a user account encompasses every account registered with an online gaming intermediary where taxable deposits, non-taxable deposits, or user winnings are credited, and withdrawals are debited. This definition implies that each qualifying wallet should be considered a separate user account to compute net winnings.

    Accounting for Multiple User Accounts

    When a user possesses multiple accounts within the same gaming platform, each account should be taken into account when calculating net winnings. Deposits, withdrawals, and balances across all user accounts must be aggregated to determine the final figures.

    To illustrate this, let’s consider a scenario where a user has multiple accounts under one deductor (one TAN). In this case, all the user accounts should be considered when calculating the tax required to be deducted under section 194BA of the Act. Any deposit made in these user accounts would be regarded as a deposit, either taxable or non-taxable, as per the definition in Rule 133. Similarly, withdrawals from any user account would be treated as a withdrawal.

    Computing Net Winnings

    To calculate net winnings for tax deduction purposes under section 194BA, the following formula should be employed:

    Net Winnings = A – (B + C)

    Where:

    • A represents the amount withdrawn from the user account.
    • B signifies the aggregate amount of non-taxable deposits made by the account owner across all user accounts during the financial year until the time of such withdrawal.
    • C denotes the opening balance of the user account at the beginning of the financial year.

    To determine the value of B, the non-taxable deposits in all user accounts under the same deductor (one TAN) must be consolidated. The same principle applies to calculating all other amounts required for the computation under Rule 133.

    Considerations for Multiple Platforms/intermediary

    In cases where a deductor (one TAN) operates multiple platforms, integrating user accounts across all platforms might not be technologically feasible. In such instances, the deductor has the option to calculate tax deductions separately for each platform concerning section 194BA. However, it is crucial to note that all user accounts under one user on a single platform must be considered when computing net winnings using the formulas provided in Rule 133.

    Additionally, Rule 133 clarifies that transfers from one user account to another, maintained within the same online gaming intermediary and belonging to the same user, should not be considered withdrawals or deposits. However, if the deductor is deducting tax under section 194BA for each platform separately, transfers between user accounts across platforms within the same online gaming intermediary shall be deemed as withdrawals or deposits for net winnings calculation.

    The second issue addressed by the guidelines, Understanding the Tax Implications of Borrowed Money Deposits in User Accounts.

    To establish whether a deposit is taxable or non-taxable, we must first delve into the concept of non-taxable deposits. A non-taxable deposit refers to an amount of money that is acquired from already taxed income or is not subject to taxation. In the context of a user borrowing money and subsequently depositing it into their account, this particular scenario is considered a non-taxable deposit.

    Rationale Behind Non-Taxable Deposits

    The underlying principle behind considering borrowed funds as non-taxable deposits stems from the fact that taxation is imposed on the income earned rather than the borrowed funds themselves. When an individual borrows money, it does not represent an addition to their income; rather, it signifies an external liability. Consequently, when these borrowed funds are deposited into a user’s account, they retain their non-taxable nature as they are not directly tied to taxable income.

    The third issue addressed by the guidelines, Demystifying Bonus, Referral Bonus, and Incentives in Online Gaming: A Taxation Perspective

    When it comes to bonuses, referral bonuses, incentives, and similar forms of rewards provided by online game intermediaries, they are categorized as taxable deposits under Rule 133. It’s important to note that taxable deposits increase the balance in the user’s account and cannot be deducted in the calculation of net winnings. Only non-taxable deposits are eligible for deduction.

    Therefore, any deposit received in the form of a bonus, referral bonus, incentives, and the like should be considered part of the net winnings. As per section 194BA of the Act, tax is liable to be deducted at the time of withdrawal and the end of the financial year.

    Money Equivalent Deposits

    In certain cases, deposits provided as bonuses, referral bonuses, or incentives may also be in the form of money equivalents such as coins, coupons, vouchers, or counters. In such situations, the monetary value equivalent to these deposits should be considered taxable deposits, which will consequently become part of the balance in the user’s account.

    Incentives and Bonuses for Gaming Purposes Only

    While some incentives or bonuses are credited to the user’s account solely for gaming purposes and cannot be withdrawn or used for any other reasons, Rule 133 provides guidance on the treatment of such deposits for the calculation of net winnings. These deposits should be excluded from non-taxable deposits and should not be included in the opening or closing balance of the user’s account. Therefore, they do not contribute to the net winnings.

    However, it is essential for the person responsible for deducting tax under section 194BA of the Act to maintain separate accounts for these types of deposits to ensure accurate tax compliance.

    Recharacterization of Incentives and Bonuses

    In certain instances, incentives or bonuses that were initially restricted to gaming purposes may be recharacterized, allowing users to withdraw them. When such recharacterization occurs, these incentives and bonuses will be treated as taxable deposits in the year of the recharacterization. As a result, they will become part of the net winnings, subject to applicable tax regulations.

    The fourth issue addressed by the guidelines, Understanding Withdrawals in Online Gaming: At What Point is an Amount Considered Withdrawn? 

    To begin, it is essential to establish the parameters of what constitutes a withdrawal. According to Rule 133, as clarified in the context of online gaming, a withdrawal occurs when funds are transferred from a user account to any other account. This transfer signifies the removal of funds from your gaming account, which is subsequently reflected as a withdrawal.

    User Account Transfers and Withdrawal Exceptions

    While transfers between user accounts within the same online gaming intermediary do not qualify as withdrawals or deposits, it is important to note that the exception only applies when the accounts belong to the same user. In other words, if you transfer funds from your account to another user’s account within the same online gaming intermediary, it will not be considered a withdrawal or deposit.

    However, any transfer from a user account to an account that is not registered with the online game intermediary (for which you are a deductor) is indeed deemed a withdrawal. This provision emphasizes the distinction between transfers within the gaming platform and transfers to external accounts, acknowledging the latter as withdrawals.

    Considerations for Tax Deductions

    In the realm of online gaming, certain transactions involving user accounts require careful attention to tax deductions. Section 194BA of the Act mandates tax deduction at source, and it is the responsibility of the deductor to ensure compliance. Notably, if the deductor is deducting tax under section 194BA separately for each platform, transfers between user accounts under the same online gaming intermediary across platforms are considered withdrawals or deposits for the purpose of calculating net winnings under Rule 133.

    Moreover, it is imperative to recognize that when the amount in a user account is utilized to acquire coupons, goods, services, or items in kind, it is also classified as a withdrawal. In such instances, the person responsible for deducting tax must ensure that the required tax is deducted before issuing these coupons or items in kind. This provision emphasizes the importance of adhering to tax regulations and maintaining transparency in gaming-related transactions.

    The fifth issue addressed by the guidelines is the Optimization of Tax Deduction Compliance for Insignificant Withdrawals in Online Gaming.

    To address the compliance challenges associated with the deduction of tax at the source for insignificant withdrawals, we propose the following relaxation measures, which take into account the interests of both the gamers and the tax deductors:

    Condition 1: Net Winnings Limit

    • The net winnings comprised in the amount withdrawn should not exceed Rs 100 in a month. This condition ensures that withdrawals of very small amounts, which fall within the defined threshold, are exempt from tax deductions. By setting a reasonable limit, the compliance burden for both gamers and tax deductors is significantly reduced.

    Condition 2: Deferred Tax Deduction

    • In cases where tax is not deducted due to the aforementioned concession, it should be deducted at a later time when the net winnings comprised in a withdrawal exceed Rs 100 in the same month or subsequent month. Alternatively, if there are no subsequent withdrawals, the tax should be deducted at the end of the financial year. This provision ensures that the tax liability is met when the net winnings reach a level that justifies tax deductions, thereby maintaining compliance.

    Condition 3: Responsibility of the Deductor

    • The tax deductor assumes the responsibility of paying the difference if the balance in the user account at the time of tax deduction under section 194BA of the Act is insufficient to discharge the tax deduction liability. This provision ensures that the tax deductor accounts for any shortfall and promptly fulfills the tax obligations, thereby promoting compliance within the online gaming ecosystem.

    The sixth issue addressed by the guidelines, Tax Deduction under Section 194BA for Net Winnings in Kind.

    Section 194BA addresses two distinct scenarios based on the nature of net winnings:

    Scenario 1: Net Winnings Wholly in Kind

    When the net winnings are entirely in kind, the deductor must ensure that tax has been paid in respect of the net winnings before releasing them to the recipient. This implies that the deductor should request proof of payment of the applicable tax from the deductee before releasing the winnings in kind. Proof of payment may include details such as Challan receipts or other relevant documentation.

    To streamline reporting procedures, the latest version of Form 26Q has incorporated provisions for reporting transactions falling under section 194BA. These updates were introduced via Notification no. 28/2023 dated 22nd May 2023, enhancing transparency and compliance in the tax deduction process.

    Scenario 2: Net Winnings Partly in Cash and Partly in Kind

    In situations where the net winnings consist of both cash and kind, but the cash portion is insufficient to cover the entire tax liability, further steps need to be taken. The person responsible for paying the winnings must ensure that the tax has been paid in respect of the entire net winnings before their release.

    To navigate this scenario, the deductor can choose to deduct the tax amount under section 194BA and remit it to the government. This approach offers a practical solution, allowing the deductor to fulfil their tax obligations while ensuring the release of the net winnings. In the updated Form 26Q, the deductor should report this deduction as “tax deducted on net winnings under section 194BA of the Act.”

    The seventh issue addressed by the guidelines, How to Determine the Value for Tax Purposes?

    The basic thumb rule for the valuation of winning in kind is to value a winning in-kind on a Fair market value basis, however, there are certain exceptions for the same as well.

    If an Online gaming intermediary is a trading concern of such items then 

    • Winning shall be valued at a purchase price of the kind before providing it to the user.

    If an Online gaming intermediary is a Manufacturing concern of such an item than

    • the price that it charges to its customers for such items shall be the value for such winnings

    It additionally noted that GST will not be included for the purposes of the valuation of winnings for TDS under section 194BA of the Act.

    The eighth issue addressed by the guidelines, Navigating Penal Consequences: Relaxations Between Law Enforcement and Guideline Issuance

    Since the implementation of the tax law on April 1, 2023, taxpayers have been required to deduct tax at source as per Section 194BA. However, due to a time lag in the issuance of Rule 133 or relevant Circular, taxpayers may have encountered challenges in fulfilling their tax deduction responsibilities for the month of April 2023.

    Relaxation on Penal Consequences

    To address the potential shortfall in tax deductions during the aforementioned period, the tax authorities have provided a relaxation for taxpayers. If taxpayers have been unable to fulfil their tax deduction obligations due to the delay in the issuance of Rule 133 or the relevant Circular, they are given the opportunity to rectify the situation without incurring penal consequences.

    Recommended Action

    Taxpayers who experienced a shortfall in tax deductions for the month of April 2023 can rectify the situation by depositing the shortfall along with their tax deductions for the month of May 2023. This must be done by the end of June 2023 to ensure compliance and avoid any penal consequences.

    Importance of Timely Compliance

    It is crucial for taxpayers to promptly address any tax deduction shortfalls to maintain compliance with the tax regulations. By depositing the shortfall within the specified timeframe, taxpayers can mitigate the risk of penalties and ensure smooth tax operations.

    For complex or specific cases, it is advisable to seek professional guidance from tax experts or chartered accountants. They can provide valuable insights and ensure accurate compliance with TDS provisions.

    Posted By: Salman Khan

    www.linkedin.com/in/ksalman873

    21May, 2023
    MAT and AMT Provisions

    Introduction to MAT & AMT

    The Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) and Alternate Minimum Tax (AMT) are provisions under the Income Tax Act of 1961 that aim to ensure that every taxpayer, including corporations and certain individuals, pays a minimum amount of tax, regardless of the deductions and exemptions they may be eligible for. These provisions were introduced to address concerns over tax avoidance and to bring about greater fairness and transparency in the taxation system.

    Understanding MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax)

    What is MAT?

    MAT, or Minimum Alternate Tax, is a provision in the Income Tax Act that requires companies to pay a minimum amount of tax on their book profits, even if their taxable income falls below the normal income tax liability. It ensures that companies that make substantial profits but utilize various deductions and exemptions to reduce their tax liability still contribute a minimum amount of tax to the government.

    Calculation of MAT

    The calculation of MAT involves certain adjustments to the book profits of a company. The book profits are adjusted by adding or deducting certain items as specified in the Income Tax Act. The resulting adjusted book profits are then subject to a predetermined tax rate, which is usually a certain percentage of the adjusted book profits.

    Applicability of MAT

    MAT is applicable to all companies incorporated in India, including foreign companies operating in the country. However, certain specific entities, such as those engaged in infrastructure development and power generation, may be exempt from MAT provisions.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of MAT

    Advantages

    • MAT ensures that companies with substantial book profits contribute to the tax revenue of the country, even if they have reduced their tax liability through deductions and exemptions.
    • It helps prevent tax avoidance by companies and ensures that they pay their fair share of taxes.

    Disadvantages

    • Some argue that MAT may discourage companies from making investments and retaining profits, as it imposes an additional tax liability.
    • Companies may face cash flow issues, especially when they are required to pay MAT in years when they have incurred losses or have limited taxable income.

    MAT Calculation:

    The calculation of MAT involves certain adjustments to the book profits of a company. Here’s a step-by-step explanation:

    1. Start with the net profit as per the profit and loss account of the company.
    2. Make adjustments by adding or deducting certain items as specified in the Income Tax Act. These adjustments may include:
      • Certain expenses that are not allowed as deductions for tax purposes.
      • Income that is exempt from tax but included in the book profits.
      • Depreciation, which may be adjusted based on the provisions of the Income Tax Act.
      • Losses brought forward from previous years, which may be adjusted or limited as per the provisions.
      • Dividends received from domestic companies that are not taxable but included in book profits.
    3. After making the necessary adjustments, you will arrive at the “book profit” figure.
    4. Apply the tax rate specified for MAT, which is generally 18.5% (plus applicable surcharge and cess).
    5. The resulting tax liability is the MAT amount payable by the company.

    Let’s consider an example to illustrate the calculation:

    Suppose XYZ Company has a net profit of $1,000,000 as per its profit and loss account. After making the necessary adjustments, the book profit is determined as $1,200,000. Now, let’s assume the applicable MAT rate is 18.5%.

    MAT Calculation: Book Profit: $1,200,000 MAT Rate: 18.5%

    Tax Liability: MAT = $1,200,000 * 18.5% = $222,000

    In this example, XYZ Company would be required to pay a minimum tax of $222,000 under the MAT provisions, regardless of any deductions and exemptions they may have claimed.

    It’s important to note that the specific adjustments and provisions for MAT may vary depending on the nature of the company’s operations, industry, and other relevant factors. It is advisable to consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act for detailed guidance tailored to your specific circumstances.

    Remember to always consult with a qualified tax advisor for accurate and up-to-date information regarding tax calculations and compliance.

    Understanding AMT (Alternate Minimum Tax)

    What is AMT?

    AMT, or Alternate Minimum Tax, is a provision in the Income Tax Act that applies to individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and other specified entities. It ensures that taxpayers who have claimed excessive deductions and exemptions and have reduced their regular tax liability to a very low amount still pay a minimum amount of tax.

    Calculation of AMT

    The calculation of AMT involves certain adjustments to the total income of a taxpayer. Similar to MAT, specific adjustments are made to add or deduct certain items as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act. The adjusted total income is then subject to a predetermined tax rate, which is typically a certain percentage of the adjusted total income.

    Applicability of AMT

    AMT is applicable to individuals, HUFs, and other specified entities if their adjusted total income falls below a certain threshold. The specific provisions and applicability criteria for AMT are outlined in the Income Tax Act.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of AMT

    Advantages

    • AMT ensures that individuals and other entities pay a minimum amount of tax, even if they have reduced their regular tax liability through various deductions and exemptions.
    • It helps prevent high-income individuals from utilizing excessive deductions and exemptions to significantly reduce their tax liability.

    Disadvantages

    • Some argue that AMT may discourage individuals from pursuing certain investments and claiming legitimate deductions and exemptions, as it imposes an additional tax liability.
    • Taxpayers may face challenges in understanding and complying with the complex provisions of AMT, leading to potential errors and disputes with tax authorities

    AMT Calculation:

    The calculation of AMT involves certain adjustments to the total income of a taxpayer. Here’s a step-by-step explanation:

    1. Start with the total income of the taxpayer, which is the aggregate of income from various sources, such as salary, business, capital gains, and other income.
    2. Make adjustments by adding or deducting certain items as specified in the Income Tax Act. These adjustments may include:
      • Certain deductions or exemptions that are not allowed for the purpose of calculating AMT.
      • Specified tax incentives, exemptions, or deductions that are considered excessive for AMT purposes.
      • Certain deductions under Chapter VI-A, such as deductions for investments, insurance premiums, and housing loan interest.
    3. After making the necessary adjustments, you will arrive at the “adjusted total income” figure.
    4. Apply the tax rate specified for AMT, which is generally 18.5% (plus applicable surcharge and cess).
    5. The resulting tax liability is the AMT amount payable by the taxpayer.

    Let’s consider an example to illustrate the calculation:

    Suppose Mr. A has a total income of $500,000, which includes salary income, business income, and capital gains. After making the necessary adjustments, the adjusted total income is determined as $600,000. Now, let’s assume the applicable AMT rate is 18.5%.

    AMT Calculation: Adjusted Total Income: $600,000 AMT Rate: 18.5%

    Tax Liability: AMT = $600,000 * 18.5% = $111,000

    In this example, Mr. A would be required to pay a minimum tax of $111,000 under the AMT provisions, regardless of any deductions and exemptions they may have claimed under the regular tax calculation.

    It’s important to note that the specific adjustments and provisions for AMT may vary depending on the taxpayer’s profile, types of income, and other relevant factors. It is advisable to consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act for detailed guidance tailored to your specific circumstances.

    Remember to always consult with a qualified tax advisor for accurate and up-to-date information regarding tax calculations and compliance.

    12May, 2023
    Documents Required for Filing ITR of Individuals

    Salaried Individuals:

    a. Form 16: This is a certificate provided by your employer that contains details of your salary, allowances, deductions, and tax deducted at source (TDS) during the financial year.

    b. Salary Slips: Your monthly or periodic salary slips that show the breakup of your salary components, such as basic salary, allowances, deductions, and taxes.

    c. Bank Statements: Your bank statements for the financial year, which reflect your salary credits, interest income, and other financial transactions.

    d. Investment Proofs: Documents related to your investments and expenses that are eligible for deductions under various sections of the Income Tax Act, such as Investment proofs for claiming deductions under Section 80C, such as life insurance premium receipts, Public Provident Fund (PPF) contributions, National Savings Certificate (NSC) certificates, etc., Home loan statement and interest certificate for claiming deductions on home loan principal and interest under Section 24 and Section 80C, respectively, Rent receipts and rent agreement for claiming House Rent Allowance (HRA) deduction, Medical bills and health insurance premium receipts for claiming deductions under Section 80D, Donation receipts for claiming deductions under Section 80G.

    Business Income (PGBP):

    a. Profit and Loss Statement: Prepare a statement that shows the details of your business income, expenses, and profits or losses incurred during the financial year.

    b. Balance Sheet: Prepare a balance sheet that reflects the financial position of your business, including assets, liabilities, and capital.

    c. Bank Statements: Maintain bank statements of your business accounts to support the income and expenses recorded in your financial statements.

    d. Purchase and Sales Invoices: Keep a record of invoices and bills for purchases made and sales made during the financial year.

    e. Expenses Proof: Maintain supporting documents such as bills, receipts, and vouchers for business expenses claimed for deductions.

    f. TDS Certificates: If any tax has been deducted at source on your business income, obtain TDS certificates to claim credit for the taxes paid.

    Capital Gains:

    a. Sale Deeds/Agreements: Keep the sale deeds or agreements of the assets (such as property, shares, or mutual funds) you have sold during the financial year.

    b. Purchase Deeds/Agreements: Retain the purchase deeds or agreements of the assets for which you are calculating capital gains.

    c. Valuation Reports: If applicable, obtain valuation reports for assets that require fair market value determination for calculating capital gains.

    d. Brokerage Statements: If you have sold shares or securities through a broker, maintain the brokerage statements that show the details of the transactions.

    e. Capital Gain Statements: If you have invested in mutual funds or other investment instruments, obtain capital gain statements from the respective fund houses or institutions.

    f. TDS Certificates: If any tax has been deducted at source on your capital gains, obtain TDS certificates to claim credit for the taxes paid.

    Other Documents:

    a. Other Income Documents: If you have any additional sources of income, such as rental income, interest income, etc., you will need relevant documents to report and calculate the tax liability on such income.

    b. Aadhaar Card and PAN Card: Your Aadhaar card and Permanent Account Number (PAN) card details will be required for e-filing your income tax return.

    c. Form 26AS: Download your Form 26AS from the income tax department’s website, as it shows details of TDS deducted on your income and can help in reconciling your tax liabilities.

    28Apr, 2023
    How to create a retirement plan and save for retirement?

    Creating a retirement plan and saving for retirement can seem overwhelming, but it’s important to start planning as early as possible. Here are some steps to help you get started:

    1. Determine your retirement goals: Consider your desired lifestyle in retirement and estimate your expenses. This will help you determine how much you need to save.
    2. Calculate your retirement savings needs: Use a retirement calculator to estimate how much you will need to save for retirement based on your desired lifestyle and expected expenses.
    3. Start saving as early as possible: The earlier you start saving for retirement, the more time your money has to grow. Consider setting up automatic contributions to a retirement account, such as a 401(k) or IRA.
    4. Take advantage of employer contributions: If your employer offers a retirement savings plan, such as a 401(k), be sure to take advantage of any employer-matching contributions.
    5. Maximize your contributions: Contribute as much as you can to your retirement accounts each year, up to the maximum allowed by law.
    6. Consider diversifying your investments: Consider investing in a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets to help diversify your portfolio and reduce risk.
    7. Review and adjust your plan regularly: Review your retirement plan regularly to ensure that you are on track to meet your goals. Adjust your plan as needed based on changes in your financial situation or goals.
    8. Invest in a diversified portfolio: Once you have a retirement account, it’s important to invest your money in a diversified portfolio of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. This will help you spread your risk and potentially earn higher returns over the long term.
    9. Review and adjust your plan regularly: Your retirement plan should be reviewed and adjusted regularly to make sure it’s still on track to meet your goals. This could mean making changes to your savings rate, investment strategy, or retirement age.
    10. Consider working with a financial advisor: If you’re unsure about how to create a retirement plan or invest your money, it may be helpful to work with a financial advisor. They can help you assess your goals, create a personalized plan, and make adjustments along the way.
    11. Don’t forget about taxes: As you save for retirement, it’s important to consider the tax implications of your investments. For example, contributions to a traditional IRA are tax-deductible, but withdrawals are taxed as income. Contributions to a Roth IRA are not tax-deductible, but withdrawals in retirement are tax-free.
    12. Stay disciplined: Saving for retirement requires discipline and consistency. Make a habit of contributing to your retirement account regularly, and avoid dipping into your savings for other expenses. Remember that the earlier you start saving, the more time your money has to grow.
    13. Maximize employer contributions: If your employer offers a retirement plan with matching contributions, be sure to contribute at least enough to get the maximum match. This is essentially free money that can significantly boost your retirement savings.
    14. Consider other retirement savings options: In addition to your employer’s retirement plan, you may want to consider other options like an IRA (Individual Retirement Account) or a Roth IRA. These accounts offer tax advantages and can help you diversify your retirement savings.
    15. Keep track of your progress: Make sure to regularly review and track your retirement savings progress. This will help you stay on track and make any necessary adjustments to your retirement plan.
    16. Seek professional advice: If you are unsure about how to create a retirement plan or need help with your retirement savings, consider seeking the advice of a financial planner or advisor. They can help you create a personalized retirement plan and provide guidance on how to save and invest for retirement.
    17. Review and adjust your retirement plan regularly: It’s important to review your retirement plan regularly to ensure that it’s still on track. Life circumstances and financial situations can change over time, so you may need to adjust your plan accordingly. You may also need to adjust your retirement savings contributions if you’re not on track to meet your goals.
    18. Consider working with a financial advisor: A financial advisor can provide valuable guidance when it comes to creating and managing a retirement plan. They can help you determine your retirement goals, create a plan to achieve those goals, and offer investment advice to help your savings grow. If you’re unsure where to start or feel overwhelmed by the process, a financial advisor can be a helpful resource.

    In summary, creating a retirement plan and saving for retirement is an important process that requires careful consideration and planning. By determining your retirement goals, estimating your retirement expenses, starting early, contributing regularly to retirement accounts, and reviewing and adjusting your plan regularly, you can be well on your way to a comfortable and secure retirement.

    28Apr, 2023
    Tips for managing credit card debt

    Credit cards can be a convenient way to make purchases and manage expenses, but they can also lead to debt if not managed properly. Here are some tips for managing credit card debt:

    1. Keep track of your spending: Make a budget and track your expenses to avoid overspending. Use your credit card only for purchases you can afford to pay off each month.
    2. Pay more than the minimum: Paying only the minimum amount due on your credit card can lead to a cycle of debt. Try to pay more than the minimum payment each month to reduce your balance and interest charges.
    3. Prioritize high-interest debt: If you have multiple credit cards, focus on paying off the one with the highest interest rate first. This will help you save money on interest charges in the long run.
    4. Negotiate with your credit card company: If you are struggling to make payments, reach out to your credit card company to see if they can offer you a lower interest rate or payment plan.
    5. Consider a balance transfer: Transferring your high-interest credit card balance to a card with a lower interest rate can help you save money on interest charges. Just make sure to read the terms and conditions carefully, as some cards may charge a balance transfer fee.
    6. Avoid new debt: Try to avoid using your credit card for new purchases until you have paid off your existing debt. If you must use your card, make sure it is for a necessary expense that you can afford to pay off in full.
    7. Seek professional help: If you are struggling with credit card debt, consider reaching out to a financial advisor or credit counseling service for assistance. They can provide personalized advice and help you develop a plan to manage your debt.
    8. Avoid late payments: Late payments can result in late fees, increased interest rates, and a negative impact on your credit score. Set up automatic payments or reminders to ensure that you make your payments on time each month.
    9. Use credit responsibly: Only use your credit card for purchases you can afford to pay off each month. Avoid using it for impulse purchases or unnecessary expenses.
    10. Monitor your credit score: Regularly monitoring your credit score can help you identify potential issues and address them before they become a bigger problem. You can also track your progress as you work to pay off your credit card debt and improve your overall financial health.
    1. Cut back on expenses: Take a close look at your expenses and identify areas where you can cut back. This can help you free up money to put towards paying off your credit card debt.
    2. Use windfalls wisely: If you receive a bonus, tax refund, or other windfalls, consider using it to pay off your credit card debt instead of splurging on unnecessary purchases.
    3. Avoid cash advances: Cash advances on your credit card can come with high fees and interest rates, so it’s best to avoid them if possible. If you must take out a cash advance, make sure you can pay it back quickly to avoid accumulating additional debt.
    4. Consider a debt consolidation loan: A debt consolidation loan can help you pay off multiple credit card debts by combining them into one loan with a lower interest rate. This can make it easier to manage your debt and reduce your overall interest charges.
    5. Don’t give up: Paying off credit card debt can take time and effort, but it’s important to stay motivated and committed to your goal. Celebrate small victories along the way and keep your eye on the prize – a debt-free future and improved financial stability.
    1. Seek help if needed: If you’re struggling to manage your credit card debt, don’t hesitate to seek help. Consider reaching out to a credit counseling agency or a financial advisor who can help you develop a plan to get back on track.
    2. Avoid opening new credit accounts: While it can be tempting to open new credit accounts to help pay off your existing debt, it can actually do more harm than good. Opening new accounts can lower your credit score and make it harder to manage your debt.
    3. Negotiate with your creditors: If you’re having trouble making your credit card payments, consider reaching out to your creditors to discuss your options. They may be willing to work with you to reduce your interest rates or develop a payment plan that works for your budget.
    4. Be mindful of balance transfer offers: While balance transfer offers can be a helpful tool for consolidating debt and reducing interest charges, they can also come with hidden fees and higher interest rates once the introductory period is over. Make sure to read the fine print and understand all the terms before taking advantage of a balance transfer offer.
    5. Stay committed to your plan: Finally, remember that managing credit card debt is a long-term commitment. Stay focused on your goals, make a plan, and stick to it. With time, discipline, and dedication, you can successfully pay off your credit card debt and achieve financial stability.
    1. Use a budgeting app: Budgeting apps can help you track your spending, set financial goals, and create a plan to pay off your credit card debt. Consider using an app like Mint, YNAB, or PocketGuard to help you stay on track.
    2. Consider a balance transfer credit card: If you have multiple credit card debts with high-interest rates, a balance transfer credit card may be a good option. Look for a card with a low or 0% introductory APR and transfer your balances to the new card. Just make sure to pay off the balance before the introductory period ends and the interest rate increases.
    3. Stay organized: Keeping track of your credit card debts, due dates, and payment amounts can be overwhelming. Use a spreadsheet or a debt-tracking app to stay organized and make sure you don’t miss any payments.
    4. Avoid unnecessary purchases: While it can be tempting to make purchases on your credit cards, it’s important to avoid unnecessary spending. Stick to your budget and focus on paying off your debt before making new purchases.
    5. Prioritize high-interest debts: If you have multiple credit card debts, prioritize paying off the ones with the highest interest rates first. This can help you save money on interest charges in the long run.
    1. Seek professional help: If you’re struggling to manage your credit card debt, don’t be afraid to seek professional help. A financial advisor or credit counselor can help you create a personalized plan to pay off your debt and improve your overall financial situation.
    2. Avoid late fees: Late fees can quickly add up and make it even harder to pay off your credit card debt. Make sure to pay your bills on time and set up automatic payments if possible.
    3. Cut back on expenses: Consider cutting back on expenses like eating out or entertainment to free up more money to put towards your credit card debt. Even small changes can add up over time.
    4. Don’t close credit card accounts: Closing credit card accounts can negatively impact your credit score. Instead, consider keeping the accounts open and paying off the balances.
    5. Celebrate your progress: Paying off credit card debt can be a long and challenging process, but it’s important to celebrate your progress along the way. Set milestones and reward yourself for reaching them, whether it’s with a small treat or a special outing.
    1. Consider a balance transfer: If you have high-interest credit card debt, consider transferring the balance to a card with a lower interest rate. Just make sure to read the fine print and understand any fees associated with the balance transfer.
    2. Avoid cash advances: Cash advances on your credit card usually come with high fees and interest rates. Try to avoid taking out cash advances, and instead focus on paying off your existing debt.
    3. Negotiate with creditors: If you’re struggling to make payments, consider reaching out to your creditors to negotiate a repayment plan or a lower interest rate.
    4. Use windfalls wisely: If you receive a windfall like a tax refund or bonus at work, resist the temptation to splurge on unnecessary expenses. Instead, use the money to pay down your credit card debt and get one step closer to financial freedom.
    5. Be patient: Paying off credit card debt can take time, but it’s important to stay patient and committed to your financial goals. Keep making your monthly payments and following your repayment plan, and you’ll eventually see progress and get out of debt.
    1. Stay motivated: Managing credit card debt can be a long and challenging journey, so it’s important to stay motivated and keep your eye on the prize. Set achievable goals, track your progress, and remind yourself of the benefits of being debt-free.
    2. Avoid new debt: While you’re paying off your credit card debt, try to avoid taking on new debt. Don’t use your credit cards for unnecessary expenses and make sure to stick to your budget.
    3. Consider a debt consolidation loan: If you have multiple high-interest debts, a debt consolidation loan may be a good option to simplify your payments and potentially lower your interest rate.
    4. Be cautious of debt settlement companies: While debt settlement companies may promise to help you settle your debts for less than what you owe, be cautious of their claims and make sure to read the fine print before signing up for their services.
    5. Keep learning: Managing credit card debt is an ongoing process, so it’s important to keep learning and staying informed about personal finance. Read books, take courses, and stay up to date on the latest trends and strategies for managing debt and building wealth.

    In conclusion, managing credit card debt requires discipline, perseverance, and a willingness to learn and adapt. By following these tips and staying committed to your financial goals, you can successfully pay off your credit card debt and achieve financial freedom.

    28Apr, 2023
    Budgeting and saving strategies

    Budgeting and saving strategies are important aspects of personal finance that can help individuals achieve their financial goals. While these strategies may differ from country to country, the basic principles remain the same.

    Budgeting is the process of creating a plan for your income and expenses. It is the foundation of financial planning and helps you prioritize your spending and make informed decisions about how to use your money. Saving, on the other hand, is the act of setting aside money for future use, such as for emergencies, retirement, or other financial goals.

    In this article, we will discuss budgeting and saving strategies from a global point of view. We will explore the different approaches to budgeting and saving in various countries and cultures, and examine the best practices for achieving financial success.

    Why is budgeting and saving important?

    Budgeting and saving are important for several reasons. First, they help you control your spending and avoid overspending, which can lead to debt and financial hardship. Second, they allow you to prioritize your financial goals and allocate your resources accordingly. Third, they provide a sense of financial security and stability, as you are prepared for unexpected expenses or emergencies.

    Budgeting and saving are particularly important in today’s global economy, where financial markets are interconnected and economic stability is uncertain. A strong budgeting and saving strategy can help individuals weather economic downturns and prepare for future opportunities.

    Approaches to budgeting and saving

    There are several approaches to budgeting and saving, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common approaches include:

    1. The Envelope Method: This method involves allocating cash into envelopes for different categories of spending, such as groceries, rent, and entertainment. Once the cash in each envelope is spent, there is no more money available for that category until the next budgeting period.
    2. The 50/30/20 Rule: This rule involves allocating 50% of your income to necessities, such as housing and food, 30% to discretionary spending, such as entertainment and vacations, and 20% to savings and debt repayment.
    3. Zero-Based Budgeting: This method involves allocating all of your income to specific categories of spending, such as bills, groceries, and entertainment, and then setting aside any remaining funds for savings or debt repayment.
    4. Pay Yourself First: This method involves allocating a set percentage of your income to savings or investment accounts before allocating funds to other categories of spending.

    While these are just a few of the many budgeting and saving strategies available, they provide a starting point for creating a personalized approach that works best for your financial goals and lifestyle.

    Best practices for budgeting and saving

    Regardless of the approach you choose, there are several best practices for effective budgeting and saving. These include:

    1. Start with a realistic budget: Be honest with yourself about your income and expenses, and create a budget that is realistic and achievable. It is better to start with a conservative budget and adjust it over time than to create an unrealistic budget that you cannot maintain.
    2. Track your spending: Keep track of your expenses to ensure that you are staying within your budget and identify areas where you can cut back on spending.
    3. Automate your savings: Set up automatic transfers to your savings or investment accounts to ensure that you are consistently saving for your financial goals.
    4. Reduce debt: Focus on paying off high-interest debt, such as credit card debt, to reduce the amount of interest you pay over time.
    5. Plan for emergencies: Set aside a portion of your savings for emergencies, such as job loss, medical expenses, or unexpected repairs.
    6. Invest wisely: Invest your savings in diversified portfolios that align with your financial goals and risk tolerance.
    7. Re-evaluate your budget regularly: Re-evaluate your budget and savings strategy regularly to ensure that your plan is still aligned with your financial goals and lifestyle. Make adjustments as necessary, such as increasing your savings rate or adjusting your investment portfolio, to ensure that you are on track to meet your long-term goals.

    Cultural differences in budgeting and saving

    While the basic principles of budgeting and saving are universal, there are cultural differences in how individuals approach these topics. For example, in some countries, such as Japan, saving is deeply ingrained in the culture and is seen as a social responsibility. In other countries, such as the United States, consumerism is more prevalent, and saving is often seen as a personal choice rather than a social obligation.

    Cultural attitudes towards debt also differ across countries. In some countries, such as Germany, debt is stigmatized, and individuals are more likely to prioritize savings and debt repayment over discretionary spending. In other countries, such as the United States, debt is more socially acceptable, and individuals may be more likely to prioritize discretionary spending over debt repayment.

    Global economic factors also play a role in budgeting and saving strategies. For example, in countries with high inflation rates or unstable currencies, individuals may be more likely to prioritize savings and investment over spending. In countries with strong economies and stable currencies, individuals may be more likely to prioritize discretionary spending and consumerism.

    Conclusion

    Budgeting and saving strategies are essential for achieving financial success in today’s global economy. While there are cultural and economic differences in how individuals approach these topics, the basic principles remain the same. By creating a realistic budget, tracking your spending, automating your savings, reducing debt, planning for emergencies, investing wisely, and re-evaluating your plan regularly, you can achieve your financial goals and prepare for a secure and stable future.

    22Jan, 2023
    Tax on Virtual Digital Assets

    I. Introduction to Virtual Digital Assets and Cryptocurrencies.

    To establish a solid foundation, let’s begin by defining virtual digital assets and cryptocurrencies. Virtual digital assets are digital representations of value that can be digitally traded or transferred, typically using blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, are a specific type of virtual digital asset that employs cryptographic techniques for secure transactions and control the creation of additional units. Prominent examples include Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), and Ripple (XRP) Including Non-Fungible tokens or any other digital assets as may be notified by the government.

    II. Legal Framework for Taxation of Cryptocurrencies in India.

    In recent legislative developments, the Indian government has introduced a significant amendment to the Income Tax Act, of 1961. This amendment takes the form of Clause (47A), which has been inserted into Section 2 of the Act. Clause (47A) has been incorporated to address the taxation of specific transactions related to virtual digital assets or cryptocurrencies.

    With the introduction of Clause (47A), the Income Tax Act now encompasses provisions that define the tax treatment of virtual digital assets, bringing them under the purview of the existing tax regime. The inclusion of this clause ensures that income arising from transactions involving cryptocurrencies will be subject to taxation, thereby enabling the government to capture potential tax revenue from this emerging sector.

    III. Taxation of Virtual Digital Assets/Cryptocurrencies in India.

    1. Classifying Cryptocurrencies as Capital Assets.

    Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, can be considered capital assets if they are acquired for investment purposes. According to section 2(14) of the tax code, a capital asset refers to any property owned by an individual, irrespective of its connection to their business or not. Therefore, if an individual purchases cryptocurrency as an investment, any profit made from their sale would be taxed under the “Capital gains” head.

    a. Taxation of Capital Gains on VDA.

    When a person sells their cryptocurrencies and realizes a profit, it is important to understand the tax implications. Capital gains tax is applicable on the profit earned from the sale of capital assets. The gain is calculated by deducting the cost of acquisition from the selling price.

    2. Treating Cryptocurrencies income as Business Income.

    In certain scenarios, cryptocurrency transactions may be deemed substantial, or the assets may be held for trading purposes. In such cases, the income generated from the sale or purchase of virtual digital assets can be classified as business income. It is crucial to note that the intention and frequency of the transactions play a significant role in determining the nature of income.

    a. Taxation of Business Income.

    If the income from cryptocurrency transactions is considered business income, it is subject to taxation as per the applicable income tax rates. The profits earned are added to the individual’s overall income and taxed accordingly. Additionally, individuals engaged in cryptocurrency trading as a business may also be required to comply with other tax obligations, such as maintaining proper books of accounts and filing regular returns.

    Section 115BBH of the Income-tax Act 1961, which deals with the taxation of income from cryptocurrencies or virtual digital assets, does not explicitly state whether it should be treated as business income, capital gains, or income from other sources. This lack of clarity often creates confusion among taxpayers and tax authorities alike.

    3. Tax rate. 

    Under section 115BBH of the act, income from the transfer of virtual digital assets will be taxable at the rate of 30 percent (+ SC + HEC). The tax rate is the same whether it is business income, short-term or long-term capital gains.

    IV. Manner of Computation of Income from Virtual Digital Assets.

    When it comes to computing income from the transfer of virtual digital assets, Section 115BBH(2)(a) lays out specific provisions that need to be understood. In this article, we will explore the key rules and deductions about income computation for virtual digital assets, shedding light on the nuances involved.

    a. Deduction of Cost of Acquisition.

    As per Section 115BBH(2)(a), the cost of acquisition, if any, must be deducted from the full value of the consideration received. However, it’s important to note that if the income falls under the category of “Capital gains,” indexation benefits will not be available. This deduction allows for a more accurate determination of the net income from the transfer of virtual digital assets.

    b. No Deduction for the Cost of Improvement and Transfer Expenditure.

    It is essential to understand that no deductions will be permitted for the cost of improvement or any expenditure related to the transfer of virtual digital assets. Unlike other forms of income computation, where expenses can be offset against the total income, the provisions under Section 115BBH restrict such allowances. Therefore, any costs incurred in improving or facilitating the transfer of virtual digital assets cannot be claimed as deductions.

    c. Application of “Transfer” Definition.

    For computing tax under Section 115BBH, the definition of “transfer” as stated in Section 2(47) will be applicable. This definition determines what transactions constitute a transfer, and whether the virtual digital asset is considered a capital asset or not. It is crucial to have a clear understanding of this definition to ensure accurate tax calculation on income derived from the transfer of virtual digital assets.

    d. Inability to Adjust Losses.

    When it comes to losses arising from the transfer of virtual digital assets, they cannot be adjusted against any other form of income. This provision prevents the offsetting of losses from such transactions against gains in other areas. Losses incurred specifically from the transfer of virtual digital assets must be treated independently and cannot be utilized to offset taxable income from other sources.

    e. Inability to Offset Losses from Other Transactions

    Additionally, any losses incurred by an assessee from transactions other than the transfer of virtual digital assets cannot be adjusted against income derived from the transfer. This means that losses from other heads of income cannot be used to reduce the tax liability associated explicitly with income from the transfer of virtual digital assets. It is important to consider the individual nature of losses and ensure they are appropriately accounted for in tax calculations.

    For Instance

    A purchased 60,000 BTC (cryptocurrency) at Rs. 67 each on the 10th of Jan. of 2018. He transferred 20,000 BTC in the previous year 2021-22, and the remaining 40,000 in 2022-23. The capital gains from the transfer of BTC shall be computed as under Brokerage on 01-03-2022 Rs.3,245, 01-04-2022 Rs. 2,660 and on 31-03-2023 Rs. 4,150

    Solution: Accounting Net profit of sales of 20,000 BTC took place on 01-03-2022 of Rs. 4,63,245 and taxable profit of Rs. 2,35,064* is taxable at the rate of 20% plus 4% HEC.

    *The benefit of indexation shall be allowed because Section 115BBH shall be applicable from the assessment year 2023-24.

    Mr. A suffer a loss on sales of 20,000 BTC on 01-04-2022 after the effect of the Brokerage of Rs. 2,660 is 5,42,660 but Taxable losses are only of Rs. 5,40,000.

    Mr. A earned a profit on sales of the rest of 20,000 BTC on 31-03-2023 Rs. 16,60,000 without the effect of a brokerage shall be taxable at the rate of 30% plus HEC 4% because the loss on sales of BTC shall not be eligible to set-off and carry forward as per the provision of a section of 115BBH of Income-tax Act 1961.

    Disclaimer: The content/information published on the website is only for the general information of the user and shall not be construed as legal advice. While the writer has exercised reasonable efforts to ensure the veracity of information/content published, the writer shall be under no liability in any manner whatsoever for incorrect information, if any.

    Posted By: Salman Khan

    www.linkedin.com/in/ksalman873

    22Jan, 2023
    Deductions under Chapter-VI of the Income Tax Act

    Deductions under chapter 6 of the Income Tax Act in India refer to the various deductions that taxpayers can claim from their taxable income. These deductions are available under various sections of the Income Tax Act and are meant to encourage certain types of investments and expenditures that are considered to be beneficial for the economy or society. Here are some of the common key deductions available under chapter 6 of the Income Tax Act:

    1. Section 80C: This section provides for a deduction of up to INR 1.5 Lakhs for investments and expenditures such as Public Provident Fund (PPF), National Savings Certificate (NSC), Life Insurance Premium, Equity-linked savings scheme (ELSS), Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, etc.
    2. Section 80CCC: This section provides for a deduction of contributions made to pension funds.
    3. Section 80CCD: This section provides for a deduction for contributions made to the National Pension Scheme. (NPS)
    4. Section 80D: This section provides for a deduction of up to INR 25,000 for health insurance premium payments made for self, spouse, and dependent children and INR 25,000 for health insurance premium payments made for parents.
    5. Section 80DD: This section provides for a deduction of expenditure incurred for the maintenance of a disabled dependent.
    6. Section 80DDB: This section provides for a deduction for medical treatment of specified diseases for self, spouse, children, and dependent parents.
    7. Section 80E: This section provides for a deduction of interest paid on education loans for higher education.
    8. Section 80G: This section provides for a deduction of donations made to specified charitable organizations and trusts.
    9. Section 80GG: This section provides for a deduction of rental expenses paid by an individual who does not receive a house rent allowance (HRA) from the employer.
    10. Section 80GGC: This section provides for a deduction of donations made to political parties.
    11. Section 80TTA: This section provides for a deduction of up to INR 10,000 for interest earned on the savings account.
    12. Section 80U: This section provides for a deduction of expenditure incurred for the maintenance of a disabled person.

    It’s worth noting that the above-mentioned deductions are subject to certain conditions and restrictions, and the specific deductions and the amount of deductions available may vary depending on the specific section and the taxpayer’s personal circumstances. The deductions under chapter 6 of the Income Tax Act are meant to provide relief to taxpayers and to encourage certain types of investments and expenditures that are deemed to be beneficial for the economy or society.